Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Temperature in °C compared to the thermodynamic scale in electron volts, which are also used as a unit of temperature

List of orders of magnitude for temperature

See also: Order of magnitude and Temperature
Factor Multiple Item
0 0 K
10−12
 1 pK
  • 38+6
    −7     pK, lowest laboratory-produced temperature, achieved through matter-wave lensing of rubidium Bose-Einstein condensates.[3]
  • 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose–Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT[4]
10−9
 1 nK
10−6
 1 μK
10−3
 1 mK
  • 1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration, and the lowest temperature which may be sustained for arbitrarily long time with known techniques.
  • 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3
  • 60 mK adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules
  • 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3
  • 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation
  • 950 mK, melting point of helium at 2.5 megapascals of pressure. All 118 elements are solid at or below this temperature.
  • Energy equivalent to a microwave
1
 1 K
101 10 K
  • Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity
  • 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen
  • 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen
  • 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen
  • 44 K mean on Pluto
  • 53 K mean of Neptune
  • 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen
  • 68 K mean of Uranus
  • 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen
  • 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen
  • 92 K, superconductivity point of Y–Ba–Cu–oxide (YBCO)
102 100 K

See detailed list below

103
 1 kK
  • 500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere)
  • 1043 K Curie temperature of iron (point at which iron transitions from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic behavior and loses any permanent magnetism)
  • 1170 K at wood fire
  • 1300 K in lava flows, open flames
  • 1500 K in basalt lava flows
  • c. 1670 K at blue candle flame
  • 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel)
  • 1830 K in Bunsen burner flame
  • 1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive
  • 2022 K, boiling point of lead
  • 2074 K, surface temperature of the coolest star, 2MASS J0523-1403
  • 2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon
  • 2320 K at open hydrogen flame
  • 2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame
  • 2900 K, color temperature of halogen lamps, black-body radiation maximum at 1000 nm
  • 3695 K, melting point of tungsten
  • 3915 K, sublimation point of carbon
  • 4231 K, melting point of hafnium carbide
  • 4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon[5]
  • 5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond[6]
  • 5100 K in cyanogen–dioxygen flame
  • 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)–ozone flame
  • 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary
  • 5780 K on surface of the Sun
  • 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten
  • 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang
  • 7445 K, 850 GPa;[7] 8750 K, 520 GPa;[8] 5400 K, 220 GPa,[9] critical point of diamond/solid III
  • 7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy
  • 8000 K, routinely sustainable temperature in an analytical inductively coupled plasma
  • 8801 K, 10.56 GPa[10] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,[11] critical point of carbon
  • Anionic sparks
104 10 kK
  • 10 kK on Sirius A
  • 10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination
  • 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten
  • 25 kK, mean temperature of the universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang
  • 26 kK on the white dwarf Sirius B
  • 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth
  • 29 kK on surface of Alnitak (easternmost star of Orion's belt)
  • 4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs
  • 30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star
  • 36 kK boundary between inner and outer core within Jupiter
  • 37 kK in proton–electron reactions
  • 38 kK on Eta Carinae
  • 46 kK on Wolf–Rayet star R136a1[12]
  • 50 kK at protostar (core)
  • 54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16[13]
  • >200 kK in Butterfly Nebula
  • Fermi boiling point of valence electrons
106
 1 MK
109
 1 GK
1012
 1 TK
1015
 1 PK
1018
 1 EK
1021
 1 ZK
1024
 1 YK
1027
 1 RK
  • Everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030
 1 QK
1032
 100 QK
10290
 10260 QK

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

Kelvin Degrees
Celsius		 Degrees
Fahrenheit		 Condition
100 K −173.15 °C −279.67 °F
133 K −140 °C −220 °F
133 K to 163 K −140 to −110 °C −220 to −160 °F
  • Typical temperature of a whole-body cryotherapy chamber[17]
163 K −110 °C −166 °F
165 K −108 °C −163 °F
  • Glass point of supercooled water (Debatable)[18]
175.4 K −97.8 °C −144 °F
  • Coldest luminance temperature recorded on Earth (measured remotely by satellite), in Antarctica[19]
183.7 K −89.5 °C −129.1 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of isopropyl alcohol[20]
183.9 K −89.2 °C −128.6 °F
  • Coldest officially recorded air temperature on Earth, at Vostok Station, Antarctica on 1983-07-21 01:45 UTC
192 K −81 °C −114 °F
193 to 203 K −80 to −70 °C −112 to −94 °F
194.6 K −78.5 °C −109.3 °F
  • Sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
203.55 K −69.6 °C −93.3 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature in the Northern Hemisphere at Klinck AWS, Greenland (Denmark) on 1991-12-22[21]
205.5 K −67.7 °C −89.9 °F Coldest officially recorded air temperature on the Eurasian continent at Oymyakon, USSR on 6 February 1933[22]
210 K −63 °C −80 °F
  • Mean on Mars
214.9 K –58.3 °C –72.9 °F
  • Coldest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dome Argus, Antarctica[23]
223.15 K −50 °C −58 °F
  • Mean on Earth during Snowball Earth period[24] around 650 million years ago
224.8 K −48.4 °C −55.0 °F
  • Coldest temperature that water can remain a liquid (see Supercooling)
225 K −48 °C −55 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of cottonseed oil[25]
233.15 K −40 °C −40 °F
  • Point of coincidence of the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales
  • Skin may freeze almost instantly at or below this temperature[26]
234.3 K −38.83 °C −37.89 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of mercury
240.4 K −32.8 °C −27.0 °F
  • Coldest air temperature recorded in South America, at Sarmiento, Argentina on 1907-06-01[27]
246 K −27 °C −17 °F
  • Approximate average yearly temperature on Mount Everest[28]
249 K –24 °C –11 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of flax seed oil[25]
249.3 K –23.9 °C –11.0 °F
  • Coldest air temperature recorded in Africa, at Ifrane, Morocco on 11 February 1935[27]
250 K –23 °C –9 °F
  • Coldest air temperature recorded in Australia, at Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Australia on 1994-06-29[27]
255.37 K –17+7⁄9 °C 0 °F
255 K –18 °C 0 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of almond oil[25]
  • Typical temperature of a household freezer[29]
256 K –17 °C 1 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of sunflower oil[25]
256 K –17 °C 2 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of safflower oil[25]
257 K –16 °C 3 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of soybean oil[25]
262 K −11 °C 12 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of corn oil[25]
263.15 K –10 °C 14 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of canola oil[25]
  • Freezing/melting point of grape seed oil[25]
265 K –8 °C 18 °F
  • White frost can form below this temperature
  • Freezing/melting point of hemp seed oil[25]
265.8 K –7.2 °C 19 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of bromine
267 K –6 °C 21 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of olive oil[25]
  • Freezing/melting point of sesame oil[25]
271.15 K −2 °C 28.4 °F
  • Average freezing/melting point of oceans, the salinity is around 3.47%.[30][31]
273.14 K -0.01 °C 31.98 °F
  • Maximum temperature of an object causing frostbite
273.15 K 0.00 °C 32.00 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of fresh water (at 1 atm pressure)
273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.02 °F
276 K 3 °C 37 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of peanut oil[32]
277 K 3.85 °C 39 °F
  • Typical temperature of a household refrigerator
277.13 K 3.98 °C 39.16 °F
  • Water is at maximum density[33]
279.8 K 6.67 °C 44 °F
  • Threshold of skin numbness if skin reaches this temperature
283.2 K 10 °C 50 °F
  • Minimum temperature for most plant growth (see Growing degree-day)
286.9 K 12.7 °C 54.9 °F
  • Coldest body temperature of a human that survived accidental hypothermia (a 2-year-old boy in Racławice, Poland, on November 30, 2014)[34][35]
287.6 K 14.44 °C 58 °F
  • Cold threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
288 K 15 °C 59 °F
  • Mean on Earth
291.6 K 18.4 °C 65.1 °F
  • Hottest temperature in Antarctica, recorded on 2020 February 6 at the Esperanza Base[36]
294 K 21 °C 70 °F
296 K 23 °C 73 °F
  • Mean on Earth during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum[37] about 55.8 million years ago
297 K 24 °C 75 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of palm kernel oil[25]
298 K 25 °C 77 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of coconut oil[25]
300 K 27 °C 81 °F
  • Thermoneutral temperature of an unclothed human at rest[38][39]
  • Estimated melting/freezing point of francium
302.9 K 29.8 °C 85.6 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of gallium
303.15 K 30 °C 86 °F
  • The rate of plant growth is typically no greater above this temperature than at this temperature. (see Growing degree-day)
304 K 31 °C 88 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of butter, critical point for carbon dioxide
307 K 34 °C 93 °F
  • Autoignition temperature of white phosphorus
307.6 K 34.4 °C 93.9 °F
  • Hottest annual mean temperature on Earth, at Dallol, Ethiopia[23]
308 K 35 °C 95 °F
  • Hypothermic body temperature for humans (see Hypothermia)
  • Warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea
  • Melting/freezing point of palm oil[25]
309.5 K 36.4 °C 97.5 °F
  • Average body temperature for a human[40]
311.03 K 37.87 °C 100.2 °F
  • Beginnings of a fever for humans
311.8 K 38.6 °C 101.5 °F
  • Average body temperature for a cat[41]
313.15 K 40 °C 104 °F
  • Maximum standard temperature recommended for hot tub users[42]
315 K 42 °C 108 °F
  • Usually fatal human fever
317.6 K 44.44 °C 112 °F
  • Hot threshold of pain if skin reaches this temperature
319.7 K 46.5 °C 115.7 °F
  • Highest human fever survived (Willie Jones)[43]
321.45 K 48.3 °C 119 °F World's hottest air temperature recorded while raining, at Imperial, California, USA on July 24, 2018[44]
322.1 K 48.9 °C 120.0 °F
  • Hottest air temperature recorded in South America, at Rivadavia, Argentina on 1905-12-11[27]
  • Maximum safe temperature for hot water according to numeric U.S. plumbing codes[45]
  • Water will cause a second-degree burn after 8 minutes and a third-degree burn after 10 minutes[45]
323.9 K 50.7 °C 123.3 °F
  • Hottest air temperature recorded in the Southern Hemisphere, at Oodnadatta, Australia on 1960-02-01[27]
329.87 K 56.7 °C 134.1 °F
  • Hottest measured air temperature on Earth, in Death Valley at Furnace Creek, Inyo County, California, United States of America on 10 July 1913.[46]
333.15 K 60 °C 140 °F
  • Water will cause a second-degree burn in 3 seconds and a third-degree burn in 5 seconds[45]
  • Average temperature of a hair dryer
336 K 63 °C 145.4 °F
  • Milk pasteurization
342 K 69 °C 157 °F
  • Boiling point of water on the summit of Mount Everest[47]
343.15 K 70 °C 158 °F
  • Food is well done
  • Hot springs at which some bacteria thrive[48]
350 K 77 °C 170 °F
  • Poaching of food
351.52 K 78.37 °C 173.07 °F
  • Boiling point of ethanol
353.15 K 80 °C 176 °F
  • Average temperature of a sauna
355 K 82 °C 180 °F
  • Recommended final rinse temperature in industrial-grade commercial dishwashers[49]
355.6 K 82.4 °C 180.3 °F
  • Boiling point of isopropyl alcohol[20]
366 K 93 °C 200 °F
  • Simmering of food
367 K 94 °C 201 °F
  • Hottest ground temperature recorded on Earth at Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, USA on 1972-07-15[50]
371 K 98 °C 209 °F
  • Freezing/melting point of sodium
373.13 K 99.98 °C 211.97 °F
  • Boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure (see Celsius)
380 K 107 °C 225 °F
  • Smoke point of raw safflower oil
  • Syrup is concentrated to 75% sugar
388 K 115 °C 239 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of sulfur
400 K 127 °C 260 °F
  • Concorde nose tip during supersonic flight
  • Coldest known stars in space (approximate temperature)[51]
433.15 K 160 °C 320 °F
  • Syrup is concentrated to 100% sugar
  • Sucrose (table sugar) caramelizes
450 K 177 °C 350 °F
  • Mean on Mercury
  • Smoke point of butter
  • Deep frying
453.15 K 180 °C 356 °F
  • Popcorn pops
483 K 210 °C 410 °F
  • Autoignition (kindling) point of diesel fuel
491 K 218 °C 425 °F
  • Kindling point of paper
519 K 246 °C 475 °F
  • Kindling point of automotive gasoline
522 K 249 °C 480 °F
  • Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet A/Jet A-1)[52]
525 K 252 °C 485 °F
  • Smoke point of milkfat
  • Kindling point of jet fuel (Jet B)[52]
538 K 265 °C 510 °F
  • Smoke point of refined safflower oil
574.5875 K 301.4375 °C 574.5875 °F
  • Point of coincidence of the Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales
600.65 K 327.5 °C 621.5 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of lead
647 K 374 °C 705 °F
  • Critical point of superheated water
693 K 419 °C 787 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of zinc
723.15 K 450 °C 842 °F
  • Kindling point of aviation gasoline[52]
738 K 465 °C 870 °F
  • Mean on Venus
749 K 476 °C 889 °F
  • Kindling point of magnesium
773.15 K 500 °C 932 °F
  • Oven on self-cleaning mode
798 K 525 °C 977 °F
  • Draper point (the point at which nearly all objects start to glow dim red)[53]
858 K 585 °C 1085 °F Kindling point of hydrogen[54]
933.47 K 660.32 °C 1220.58 °F
  • Melting/freezing point of aluminium
1000 K 726.85 °C 1340.33 °F

SI multiples

SI multiples of kelvin (K)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 K dK decikelvin 101 K daK decakelvin
10−2 K cK centikelvin 102 K hK hectokelvin
10−3 K mK millikelvin 103 K kK kilokelvin
10−6 K μK microkelvin 106 K MK megakelvin
10−9 K nK nanokelvin 109 K GK gigakelvin
10−12 K pK picokelvin 1012 K TK terakelvin
10−15 K fK femtokelvin 1015 K PK petakelvin
10−18 K aK attokelvin 1018 K EK exakelvin
10−21 K zK zeptokelvin 1021 K ZK zettakelvin
10−24 K yK yoctokelvin 1024 K YK yottakelvin
10−27 K rK rontokelvin 1027 K RK ronnakelvin
10−30 K qK quectokelvin 1030 K QK quettakelvin

References

  1. ^ Barton, Allan F.M. (1997). "5 Thermodynamic Matter". States of Matter. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9780750304184. Retrieved 17 February 2025 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Angelo Jnr., Joseph A. (April 2020). "Very Cold Matter". Extreme States of Matter. New York: Infobase. p. 112. ISBN 9781438195834. Retrieved 17 February 2025 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ Deppner, Christian; Herr, Waldemar; Cornelius, Merle; Stromberger, Peter; Sternke, Tammo; Grzeschik, Christoph; Grote, Alexander; Rudolph, Jan; Herrmann, Sven; Krutzik, Markus; Wenzlawski, André (2021-08-30). "Collective-Mode Enhanced Matter-Wave Optics". Physical Review Letters. 127 (10): 100401. Bibcode:2021PhRvL.127j0401D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.100401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  4. ^ "Bose-Einstein condensates break temperature record". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  5. ^ Savvatimskii, Aleksandr I (2003). "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon (Concerning the paper 'Experimental investigation of the thermal properties of carbon at high temperatures and moderate pressures' by E. I. Asinovskii, A. V. Kirillin, and A. V. Kostanovskii)". Physics-Uspekhi. 46 (12): 1295–1303. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46.1295S. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n12ABEH001699. S2CID 250746507.
  6. ^ Yang, C. C.; Li, S. (2008). "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon". Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 112 (5): 1423–1426. doi:10.1021/jp076049+.
  7. ^ Correa, A. A.; Bonev, S. A.; Galli, G. (2006). "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (5): 1204–1208. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.1204C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510489103. PMC 1345714. PMID 16432191.
  8. ^ Wang, Xiaofei; Scandolo, Sandro; Car, Roberto (2005). "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18): 185701. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r5701W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.185701. PMID 16383918. S2CID 15373344.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link)
  9. ^ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
  10. ^ Glosli, James; Ree, Francis (1999). "Liquid-Liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon". Physical Review Letters. 82 (23): 4659–4662. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.4659G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.4659.
  11. ^ Man Chai Chang; Ryong, Ryoo; Mu Shik Jhon (1985). "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon". Carbon. 23 (5): 481–485. Bibcode:1985Carbo..23..481M. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(85)90083-1.
  12. ^ Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; De Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz; Herrero, Artemio; Langer, Norbert; Lennon, Daniel J.; Maíz Apellániz, Jesus; Puls, Joachim; Vink, Jorick S. (2020). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 1918. arXiv:2009.05136. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.1918B. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801.
  13. ^ Massey, Philip; Bresolin, Fabio; Kudritzki, Rolf P.; Puls, Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds". The Astrophysical Journal. 608 (2): 1001–1027. arXiv:astro-ph/0402633. Bibcode:2004ApJ...608.1001M. doi:10.1086/420766. S2CID 119373878.
  14. ^ Schukraft, J. (2012-02-28). "Heavy-ion physics with the ALICE experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 370 (1961): 917–932. arXiv:1109.4291. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0469.
  15. ^ "Highest man-made temperature". Guinness World Records. Jim Pattison Group. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Solar System Temperatures - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-20.
  17. ^ "Whole-Body Cryotherapy FAQs". Coyne Medical. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  18. ^ Jestin Baby Mandumpal (2017). A Journey Through Water: A Scientific Exploration of The Most Anomalous Liquid on Earth. Bentham Science Publishers. p. 148. ISBN 9781681084237.
  19. ^ "New study explains Antarctica's coldest temperature". National Snow and Ice Data Center. 25 June 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  20. ^ a b National Research Council (US) Committee on Toxicology (1984). Read "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Limits for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2" at NAP.edu. doi:10.17226/690. ISBN 978-0-309-07774-3. PMID 25032441.
  21. ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  22. ^ Weather Underground – Coldest Places on Earth
  23. ^ a b http://www.currentresults.com/Weather-Extremes/ Current Results – Worlds Hottest and Coldest Places
  24. ^ 'Snowball Earth' Scenario Plunged Our Planet Into Million-Year Winters
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Veganbaking.net – Fat and Oil Melt Point Temperatures http://www.veganbaking.net/tools/fat-and-oil-melt-point-temperatures
  26. ^ http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2001/02/07.html Archived 2013-11-06 at the Wayback Machine The Weather Notebook – 40 Below
  27. ^ a b c d e http://wmo.asu.edu/ ASU World Meteorological Organization – Global Weather & Climate Extremes
  28. ^ "Temperature Everest Summit". Himalayan Wonders. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 2023-10-11. (Temperature calculated by averaging monthly temperatures given in graph)
  29. ^ "Freezing and food safety". USDA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
  30. ^ "Can the ocean freeze? Ocean water freezes at a lower temperature than freshwater". NOAA. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  31. ^ Chester, Roy; Jickells, Tim (2012). Marine Geochemistry. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-34907-6.
  32. ^ http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem03/chem03265.htm Archived 2015-02-26 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Dept. of Energy – Office of Science – Oils and Low Temperature
  33. ^ http://www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/Limnology/mixing.html Archived 2018-08-23 at the Wayback Machine College of Environmental Science and Forestry – Thermal Stratification
  34. ^ Agence France Presse (2014-12-05). "Doctors hail miracle as toddler survives freezing conditions in pyjamas". The Guardian. Warsaw. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  35. ^ "2-letni Adaś wyprowadzony z hipotermii. Światowe media donoszą o cudownym dziecku z Polski". Polskie Radio. 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2015-02-03.
  36. ^ "New record for Antarctic continent reported". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
  37. ^ climate.gov What's the hottest Earth's ever been?
  38. ^ Rintamäki, Hannu (2007). "Human responses to cold". Alaska Medicine. 49 (2 Suppl): 29–31. PMID 17929604.
  39. ^ https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/cold-out-why-you-need-to-wear-a-hat Harvard Health Publishing - Cold out? Why you need to wear a hat!
  40. ^ Harvard Health Publishing - Time to redefine normal body temperature? https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/time-to-redefine-normal-body-temperature-2020031319173
  41. ^ http://people.rit.edu/hmm5837/320/project2/page4.html Archived 2013-11-12 at the Wayback Machine Rochester Institute for Technology – Random Cat Facts
  42. ^ http://www.jacuzzi.com/hot-tubs/hot-tub-blog/ideal-hot-tub-water-temperature/ Archived 2017-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Finding The Ideal Hot Tub Temperature. Jacuzzi
  43. ^ http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/clock.html Biological Rhythums
  44. ^ "Hottest Rain on Record? Rain Falls at 119 °F in Imperial, California". www.wunderground.com. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  45. ^ a b c "Antiscald Inc". Archived from the original on 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2014-09-12.
  46. ^ "Highest recorded temperature". Guinness World Records. 10 July 1913. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
  47. ^ http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/chemistry-terms/boiling-info.htm HowStuffWorks – Boiling
  48. ^ Seckbach, Joseph; et al. (2013). Polyextremophiles – life under multiple forms of stress. Dordrecht: Springer. preface. ISBN 978-94-007-6487-3.
  49. ^ "Residential Dishwashers". National Sanitation Foundation. Retrieved on 26 May 2017. http://www.nsf.org/consumer-resources/health-and-safety-tips/home-product-appliance-tips/sanitizing-dishwasher/
  50. ^ nps.gov National Park Service – Death Valley – Weather and Climate
  51. ^ http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/Stars.shtml University of Hawaii – Institute for Astronomy
  52. ^ a b c International Fire Training Centre: Firefighter initial: aviation fuels and fuel tanks Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine - International Fire Training Centre
  53. ^ Draper, John William (1847). "On the production of light by heat". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 30 (202). Taylor & Francis: 345–359. doi:10.1080/14786444708647190.
  54. ^ "Spontaneous ignition of hydrogen" (PDF). Health and Safety Executive. 2008.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.